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The Falkirk WheelThe Falkirk Wheel is a rotating in central Scotland, connecting the with the. The lift is named after, the town in which it is located. It reconnects the two canals for the first time since the 1930s. It opened in 2002 as part of the project.The plan to regenerate 's canals and reconnect with was led by with support and funding from seven local authorities, the Network, the, and the. Planners decided early on to create a dramatic 21st-century landmark structure to reconnect the canals, instead of simply recreating the historic.The wheel raises boats by 24 metres (79 ft), but the Union Canal is still 11 metres (36 ft) higher than the aqueduct which meets the wheel. Boats must also pass through a pair of between the top of the wheel and the Union Canal.

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The Falkirk Wheel is the only rotating boat lift of its kind in the world, and one of two working boat lifts in the United Kingdom, the other being the. A timelapse from inside a boatThe two canals served by the wheel were previously connected by a series of 11. With a 35-metre (115 ft) difference in height, it required 3,500 tonnes (3,400 long tons; 3,900 short tons) of water per run and took most of a day to pass through the flight.By the 1930s these had fallen into disuse, and the locks were dismantled in 1933. The Forth and Clyde Canal closed at the end of 1962, and by the mid-1970s the Union Canal was filled in at both ends, rendered impassable by in two places and run in pipes under a housing estate. The (BWB) came into existence on 1 January 1963, the day the Forth and Clyde Canal was closed, with the objective of finding a broad strategy for the future of canals in the United Kingdom.In 1976, the BWB decided after a meeting with local councils that the Forth and Clyde Canal, fragmented by various developments, was to have its remaining navigability preserved by building new bridges with sufficient headroom for boats and continuing to maintain the existing locks. Restoration of sea-to-sea navigation was deemed too expensive at the time, but there were to be no further restrictions on its use. A 1979 survey report documented 69 obstructions to navigation, and sought the opinions of twenty interested parties to present the Forth and Clyde Local (Subject) Plan in 1980.

Proposal The resulted in the creation of the to disseminate funds raised by the sale of lottery tickets for selected 'good causes.' In 1996, when sufficient funds had been accumulated, the Commission invited applications to 'do anything they thought desirable. To support worthwhile causes which would mark the year 2000 and the start of the new millennium.' The conditions were that the Commission would fund no more than half of the project, with the remaining balance being covered by project backers.The BWB had made an earlier plan for the reopening of the canal link, which comprehensively covered the necessary work. In 1994, the BWB announced its plan to bid for funding, which was submitted in 1995 on behalf of the Millennium Link Partnership.

The plans called for the canals to be opened to their original operating dimensions, with 3 metres (9.8 ft) of headroom above the water. The whole project had a budget of £78 million.On 14 February 1997, the Commission announced it would support the Link with £32 million of funding, 42% of the project cost. The Wheel and its associated basin was priced at £17 million, more than a fifth of the total budget. Another £46 million had to be raised in the next two years before construction could commence, with contributions from BWB, seven local councils, and private donations being augmented by £8.6 million from the. Design The Morrison-Bachy Soletanche Joint Venture Team submitted their original design, which resembled a with four gondolas, in 1999.

It was agreed by all parties that the design was functional, but not the showpiece the BWB were looking for. After being asked to reconsider, a 20-strong team of architects and engineers was assembled by British Waterways. Under the leadership of from architects, the initial concepts and images were created with the mechanical concepts proposed by the design team from Butterley and M G Bennetts.

This was an intense period of work with the final design concept completed in a three-week period during the summer of 1999. The final design was a cooperative effort between the British Waterways Board, engineering consultants, and RMJM.Diagrams of gear systems that had been proposed in the very first concepts were modelled by Kettle using his 8-year-old daughter's. Drawings and artist impressions were shown to clients and funders. The visitor centre was designed by another RMJM architect,.Inspirations for the design include a double-headed, the propellor of a ship and the ribcage of a whale.

Kettle described the Wheel as 'a beautiful, organic flowing thing, like the spine of a fish,' and the described it as 'a form of contemporary sculpture.' Models and renderings of the Falkirk Wheel were displayed in a 2012 exhibition at the in London. Since 2007, the Falkirk Wheel has been featured on the obverse of the new series of issued by the. The series of notes commemorates Scottish engineering achievements with illustrations of bridges in Scotland such as the and the. Construction. View of the aqueduct and top of the wheel.In March 1999 the cut the first of turf to begin work at lock 31 on the Forth and Clyde Canal.

Over 1000 people were employed in the construction of the wheel, which has been designed to last for at least 120 years.The wheel was fully constructed and assembled at the plant in,. The structure was then dismantled in the summer of 2001, and transported on 35 lorry loads to Falkirk, before being reassembled into five sections on the ground and lifted into place. Construction of the canal required 250,000 m 3 (8,800,000 cu ft) of excavation, a 160 m (520 ft) canal tunnel of 8 m (26 ft), of 20 m (66 ft) and 120 m (390 ft), three sets of locks and a number of bridges, as well as 600 m (2,000 ft) of access roads. The 180 m (590 ft) Rough Castle Tunnel was driven in three stages, with the two upper quarters being drilled with a standard before the lower half was dug using a modified road planer in 100 mm (4 in) layers. This technique was 15% cheaper and reduced the build time of the tunnel by two weeks. Technical considerations.

The construction of the basin.The ground on which the wheel is built was previously used as an open cast mine, a coal mine, and a works, resulting in contamination of the canal with tar. Twenty metres (66 ft) of loosely packed backfill from the mining operations containing large boulders was not considered adequately solid for the size of the structure, so with thirty 22 m (72 ft) concrete piles socketed onto the were used.Due to the changing load as the wheel rotates in alternating directions, some sections experience total. In order to avoid that could lead to cracks, sections were bolted rather than welded, using over 14,000 bolts and 45,000 bolt holes.The aqueduct, engineered by, was originally described as 'unbuildable', but was eventually realised using 40 mm (1.6 in).

The original plans also showed the canal being built straight through the, but this was changed after a petition in favour of two locks and a tunnel under the wall. Opening ceremony. The ring gearsThe wheel has an overall diameter of 35 m (115 ft) and consists of two opposing arms extending 15 m (49 ft) beyond the central axle and taking the shape of a Celtic-inspired,. Two sets of these axe-shaped arms are connected to a 3.8 m (12 ft) diameter central axle of length 28 m (92 ft). Two water-filled, each with a capacity of 250,000 litres (55,000 imp gal; 66,000 US gal), are fitted between the ends of the arms.The caissons or gondolas always carry a combined weight of 500 tonnes (490 long tons; 550 short tons) of water and boats, with the gondolas themselves each weighing 50 tonnes (49 long tons; 55 short tons). Care is taken to maintain the water levels on each side, thus balancing the weight on each arm.

According to, floating objects displace their own weight in water, so when the boat enters, the amount of water leaving the caisson weighs exactly the same as the boat. This is achieved by maintaining the water levels on each side to within a difference of 37 mm (1.5 in) using a site-wide computer control system comprising water level sensors, automated and pumps. It takes 22.5 kilowatts (30.2 hp) to power ten, which consume 1.5 kilowatt-hours (5,100 BTU) per half-turn, roughly the same as boiling eight kettles of water.Each of the two caissons is 6.5 metres (21 ft) wide, and can hold up to four 20-metre-long (66 ft). Watertight doors Watertight doors at each end match doors located on the upper structure and lower dock pit. Due to space concerns, where a normal hinged door would dramatically reduce the useful length of the caisson, vertically rising hinged doors were chosen. The doors are raised from a recess in the base of the caisson and powered by a hydraulic lance when docked.After the wheel arms are moved into the vertical position, the locking mechanisms are activated.

These include securing pins that are protruded into the caisson bases, and hydraulic clamps that are raised to hold the caissons in place. Additionally, a set of larger securing pins at the lower structure is used to hold the wheel. Although the door of the upper caisson and the door that holds the water at the upper aqueduct are aligned, there is a gap between them. The upper aqueduct door has a U-shape watertight frame which can be extended to push against the caisson door to seal the gap. The water is pumped into the gap to fill to the water level. Once the water in the gap is equalized, the door on the aqueduct side is lowered, followed by the door on the caisson side, allowing the boat to pass.

On the reverse direction, when the boat is in the caisson, the caisson door is raised, followed by the upper aqueduct door. The water is pumped out of the gap. Then the U-shape watertight seal is recessed back closer to the upper aqueduct door. Finally, the locking mechanisms are removed before the wheel is turned. This process is similar for the door at the lower canal basin as well.

Doors, locking mechanisms, and seals. The doors being lowered at the lower canal basinEngine room The area housing the machinery to drive the wheel is located in the final pillar of the aqueduct, and contains seven chambers connected by ladders. Access is by a door located at ground level or an entrance halfway up the tower with a to facilitate the installation of equipment.The ground floor houses the for powering the wheel. When the wheel was flooded by vandals in April 2002, this room was filled to within 8 cm (3 in) of the 11 kV. On the first floor is a standby generator and should the to the wheel fail. The second floor houses a pair of that drive the in the chamber above.

Power is supplied directly to the axle with 10 hydraulic motors, which also double as brakes. Connected to each motor is a 100:1 gear system to reduce the rotation speed. Mechanism. A reconstruction of the mechanism using.

Lead architect Tony Kettle used a different Lego model to demonstrate the mechanism to clients and funders.The caissons are required to turn with the wheel in order to remain level. Whilst the weight of the caissons on the bearings is generally sufficient to rotate them, a gearing mechanism using three large identically sized gears connected by two smaller ones ensures that they turn at precisely the correct speed and remain correctly balanced.Each end of each caisson is supported on small wheels, which run on rails on the inside face of the 8 m (26 ft) diameter holes at the ends of the arms. The rotation is controlled by a train of gears: an alternating pattern of three 8 m (26 ft) diameter ring gears and two smaller idler gears, all with external teeth, as shown in the picture. The large central gear is fitted loosely over the axle at its machine-room end and fixed in place prevent it from rotating. The two smaller gears are fixed to each of the arms of the wheel at its machine-room end.

When the motors rotate the central axle, the arms swing and the small gears engage the central gear, which results in the smaller gears rotating at a higher speed than the wheel but in the same direction. The smaller gears engage the large ring gears at the end of the caissons, driving them at the same speed as the wheel but in the opposite direction. This cancels the rotation due to the arms and keeps the caissons stable and perfectly level. Docking-pit.

Another view with the Docking Pit at the bottomThe docking-pit is a port isolated from the lower canal basin by means of watertight gates and kept dry by means of water pumps. When the wheel stops with its arms in the vertical position it is possible for boats to enter and exit the lower caisson when the gates are open without flooding the docking-pit. The space below the caisson is empty.Without the docking-pit, the caissons and extremities of the arms of the wheel would be immersed in water at the lower canal basin each time the wheel rotated.

The of the lower caisson would make it more difficult to turn the wheel. Visitor centre A visitor centre is located on the east side of the lower basin. Boat trips on the wheel depart approximately once an hour.

Since the wheel opened, around 4.4 million people have visited and 1.3 million have taken a boat trip, with around 400,000 people visiting the wheel annually. Scottish Waterways Trust. Archived from on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2013. ^. The Falkirk Wheel. Retrieved 6 January 2013.

Seven 91 Kirk Boots

^ (PDF). University of Edinburgh. Archived from (PDF) on 8 January 2014.

Retrieved 8 January 2014. ^, p. 1875. ^, p. 1877. ^, p. 1880.

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^, p. 1885., pp. 1885–1886., p. 1886., p. 1887., p. 1889. ^, p. 1890. ^ (PDF).

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Retrieved 11 January 2014. Archived from on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2014. ^, p. 206. Retrieved 7 February 2014. Richard Waite (15 July 2011). Agfa optima 1035. Architects' Journal.

Retrieved 7 February 2014. ^ Freeland, Lee. Elevator-world.com. (PDF).

Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved 11 January 2014. The Committee of Scottish Clearing Bankers.

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The Falkirk Wheel. Retrieved 12 January 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2014. The Falkirk Wheel. Retrieved 6 January 2013.

Royal Society of Edinburgh: 91–92. Archived from on 13 January 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2014. ^. The Scotsman. 14 October 2002. Retrieved 6 January 2014.

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Waking Ned (titled Waking Ned Devine in North America) is a 1998 comedy film directed by Kirk Jones and starring Ian Bannen, David Kelly, and Fionnula Flanagan. Kelly was nominated for a Screen Actors' Guild award for his role as Michael O'Sullivan.^[2] The story is set in Ireland but was filmed in the nearby Isle of Man. It was produced by Canal+ and the British studio Tomboy Films and distributed by the American company Fox Searchlight Pictures.^[3]

Plot[edit]

When word reaches Jackie O'Shea (Ian Bannen) and Michael O'Sullivan (David Kelly), two elderly best friends, that someone in Tulaigh Mhór (Tullymore), their tiny Irish village of 52 people, has won the Irish National Lottery, they, along with Jackie's wife Annie (Fionnula Flanagan), plot to discover the identity of the winner. They obtain a list of lottery customers from Mrs. Kennedy (Maura O'Malley) at the post office and invite the potential winners to a chicken dinner, where they attempt to get the winner to reveal him- or herself. After everyone has left and they are no closer to an answer, Annie realizes that one person did not come to the dinner, so Jackie pays a late-night visit to the only absentee: the reclusive Ned Devine (Jimmy Keogh). He finds Ned in his home in front of the TV, still holding the ticket in his hand, a smile on his face and dead from shock. That same night, Jackie has a dream that the deceased Ned wants to share the winnings with his friends, as he has no family to claim the ticket. Jackie wakes up after the dream, and before dawn, he and Michael return to Ned's house to gather Ned's personal information so they can claim the winnings for themselves.

Elsewhere in the village, Maggie O'Toole (Susan Lynch) continues to spurn the romantic interests of her old flame, 'Pig' Finn (James Nesbitt), a local pig farmer. Finn is convinced they belong together, as he thinks he is the father of her son Maurice (Robert Hickey), but she cannot abide him due to his ever-present odour of pigs. Finn has a rival in Pat Mulligan (Fintan McKeown), also hoping to marry Maggie.

Jackie and Michael call the National Lottery to make the claim, prompting a claim inspector to be sent. The inspector, Mr. Kelly, arrives to find Jackie on the beach and asks him for directions to Ned's cottage. Jackie delays Kelly by taking him on a circuitous route while Michael races to the cottage on a motorcycle, completely naked, and breaks in so he can answer the door as Ned. After discovering that the lottery winnings are far greater than they anticipated (totaling nearly IR£7 million), Jackie and Michael are forced to involve the entire village in fooling Mr. Kelly. All the villagers sign their name to a pact to participate in the ruse, except one—the local curmudgeon, Lizzie Quinn (Eileen Dromey). She threatens to report the fraud in order to receive a ten-percent reward, and attempts to blackmail Jackie for £1 million of the winnings. Jackie does not refuse her outright, but later insists to Michael, 'She'll sign for the same as us, or get nothing at all!'

The villagers go to great lengths to fool the inspector, even pretending Ned's funeral is a service for Michael when the inspector wanders into the church. The inspector leaves, satisfied that the claim is legitimate, and the villagers celebrate their winnings at the local pub. Meanwhile, Quinn makes her way to the nearest working phone, a phone box outside the village on the edge of a cliff, and phones the lottery office. Before she can report the fraud, however, the departing claim inspector sneezes while driving past her and loses control of his car, forcing an oncoming van (driven by Tullymore's village priest, returning from a sabbatical) to crash into the phone box, sending it plummeting off the cliff and crashing to the ground below with Quinn still inside.

At the celebration, Jackie spots Maggie, who is content to marry Finn now that he has the money to give up pig farming. Maggie confides in him that Ned is Maurice's real father, meaning that Maurice is technically entitled to the entire winnings. Jackie urges her to claim the fortune for Maurice, but she demurs, determined to keep the secret so that Maurice will have a father and the villagers will have their money.

Finally, Jackie, Michael, Maurice, and several other villagers stand on a headland and raise their glasses to Ned, toasting him for his gift to the village.

Cast[edit]

• Ian Bannen as Jackie O'Shea
• David Kelly as Michael O'Sullivan
• Fionnula Flanagan as Annie O'Shea
• Susan Lynch as Maggie O'Toole
• James Nesbitt as Pig Finn
• Adrian Robinson as Lotto Observer
• Maura O'Malley as Mrs. Kennedy
• Robert Hickey as Maurice O'Toole
• Paddy Ward as Brendy O'Toole
• James Ryland as Dennis Fitzgerald
• Fintan McKeown as Pat Mulligan
• Eileen Dromey as Lizzy Quinn
• Kitty Fitzgerald as Kitty
• Dermot Kerrigan as Father Patrick
• Jimmy Keogh as Ned Devine
• Paul Vaughan as Narrator

Production[edit]

Jones originally developed the idea for Waking Ned as a roughly 10-minute short film, but later expanded the work into a full-length script. In a 2013 interview, Jones reflected:

Investors responded to the humour and engaging story and came on board but the level of finance was of course very low. I was grateful to the cast and crew who agreed to work for reduced fees in order to get the film made. When the film was finished, we put it in the boot of a car and drove to Cannes where we screened it and sold it to Fox Searchlight in the US, where it was released later that year.^[4]

The film was shot on the Isle of Man,^[3] with the village of Cregneash standing in for the fictional Irish village of Tulaigh Mhór.^[5]

Reception[edit]

Box office[edit]

Waking Ned opened in the United States on 20 November 1998 in 9 theaters grossing $148,971 for the weekend.^[1] It expanded on Christmas Day to 259 theaters and expanded further in the new year to a maximum of 540 theaters.^[1] It grossed $24.8 million in the United States and Canada, and $30.4 million elsewhere, for a grand total of $55.2 million worldwide.^[1] Its 1999 gross of $19 million in the United States and Canada was the highest for a limited release full-length feature film in the year.^[6]

Critical response[edit]

Waking Ned received a mostly positive response from critics. The review aggregatorRotten Tomatoes gives the film a 'Certified Fresh' score of 83% based on 60 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. The site's consensus reads: 'A heartwarming comedy with a delightfully light touch, Waking Ned Devine finds feel-good humor in some unexpected -- and unexpectedly effective -- places'.^[7]

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times lauded the film as 'another one of those delightful village comedies that seem to spin out of the British isles annually.' He added, 'Waking Ned Devine can take its place alongside Local Hero, Comfort and Joy, The Snapper, The Van, The Full Monty, The Englishman Who Went Up a Hill But Came Down a Mountain, Brassed Off, Eat the Peach and many others.'^[8] Derek Elley of Variety called it 'a warmly observed comedy of manners' and wrote:

Though the pic throws up several twists as it progresses, at heart it is simply structured, relying on character studies rather than corkscrew plotting. As such, it's not laugh-out-loud material but time spent with a group of oddballs for whom normalcy is just one option in life. Given the amount of gab and paucity of real action, Jones paces the movie well, with little slack and a blackly comic finale that wraps the yarn in satisfying style.^[3]

Accolades[edit]

Kirk Jones was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer.^[9] The film was nominated for and won several other awards including the Screen Actors Guild, Satellite Awards, and the National Board of Review.^{[citation needed]}

Influence[edit]

Waking Ned inspired a Bollywood blockbuster Malamaal Weekly directed by Priyadarshan.^[10]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abcd'Waking Ned Devine (1998)'. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 11 September 2012.
2. ^'David Kelly, Irish character actor, dead at 82'. CBS News. 15 February 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
3. ^ ^abcElley, Derek (17 September 1998). 'Review: 'Waking Ned Devine''. Variety. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
4. ^Harding, Oscar (16 January 2013). 'Exclusive Interview: Kirk Jones, Director of What To Expect When You're Expecting'. What Culture. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
5. ^'Phoney Ireland awaits boom'. The Guardian. 29 March 1999. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
6. ^'Domestic Box Office For 1999'. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
7. ^'Waking Ned Devine (1998)'. Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
8. ^Ebert, Roger (11 December 1998). 'Waking Ned Devine'. Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
9. ^Gibbons, Fiachra (7 April 2000). 'Britain's biggest movie tipped for Bafta failure'. The Guardian. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
10. ^'Masand's Verdict: Malamaal Weekly', Rajeev Masand, CNN-IBN, IBN Live, 29 April 2010. Retrieved 23 December 2014

Further reading[edit]

• Waking Ned Devine: An Original Screenplay by Kirk Jones (1999) ScreenPress Books,

External links[edit]

• Waking Ned on IMDb
• Waking Ned at Rotten Tomatoes